The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging Essay -- Science Scientific Essay

The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging "I lost my keys again," my mother exclaimed at dinner a few nights ago, "I really am getting old." This use of old age as a justification for memory deficits is extremely common. Many people relate old age with loss of memory and other neurobiological functions. Why is it that aging seems to go hand in hand with losing and forgetting things? Is there a neurobiological explanation for this phenomenon? It is clear to neurobiologists that aging results in a decrease in brain size as well as a decrease in the efficiency of brain functions. It has been a widely held belief that aging causes neurons to die and for the overall number of neurons to decrease as one reaches old age. Studies conducted by Dr. David Merrill refute this idea, sighting a lack of neuronal loss in the entohinal cortex after running an MRI on a healthy subject. Instead, Merill indicates that loss of neurons may occur in degenerative disorders, such as Alzheimers, but not in healthy brains. However, it remains true that some aspects of cognition do decline as age increases, such as short term and long term memory. Since these effects are not caused by a decrease in the number of neurons present, there must be another neurobiological explanation. In order to understand memory loss it is necessary to understand how memory works in a normal brain without any cognitive deficits. Memory can be separated into three distinct parts: working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory (1). Working memory is the most short term, and it involves repeating something that someone has just said in conversation or remembering something you had just seen briefly. This part of memory does not ever become fully sto... ...mplex.. http://psych.wisc.edu/postlab/Psych733/Nadel_Moscovitch.1997.pdf 4)Nadel and Moscovitch. "Memory Consolidation, Retrograde Amnesia and the Hippocampal Complex.. http://psych.wisc.edu/postlab/Psych733/Nadel_Moscovitch.1997.pdf 5) The Symptoms of Alzheimer's. . http://www.diseases-explained.com/Alzheimers/symptomsalzheime.html 6) Greenwood. . http://sln.fi.edu/brain/nutrition/carbohydrates/brainpower.html 7) Alzheimer's Secondary Victims. . http://sites.unc.edu/error.html 8)Alipoprotein E. . http://home.mira.net/~dhs/apoe.html 9) Determining the Cause of Memory Loss in the Elderly . http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/1999/10_15_99/welsh.htm 10)Stress tied to Memory Loss . http://www.academicpress.com/inscight/04221998/grapha.htm 11)University of Kuopio, Series Reports, Department of Neurology . http://www.uku.fi/neuro/39abs.htm The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging Essay -- Science Scientific Essay The Neurobiology of Memory and Aging "I lost my keys again," my mother exclaimed at dinner a few nights ago, "I really am getting old." This use of old age as a justification for memory deficits is extremely common. Many people relate old age with loss of memory and other neurobiological functions. Why is it that aging seems to go hand in hand with losing and forgetting things? Is there a neurobiological explanation for this phenomenon? It is clear to neurobiologists that aging results in a decrease in brain size as well as a decrease in the efficiency of brain functions. It has been a widely held belief that aging causes neurons to die and for the overall number of neurons to decrease as one reaches old age. Studies conducted by Dr. David Merrill refute this idea, sighting a lack of neuronal loss in the entohinal cortex after running an MRI on a healthy subject. Instead, Merill indicates that loss of neurons may occur in degenerative disorders, such as Alzheimers, but not in healthy brains. However, it remains true that some aspects of cognition do decline as age increases, such as short term and long term memory. Since these effects are not caused by a decrease in the number of neurons present, there must be another neurobiological explanation. In order to understand memory loss it is necessary to understand how memory works in a normal brain without any cognitive deficits. Memory can be separated into three distinct parts: working memory, declarative memory, and procedural memory (1). Working memory is the most short term, and it involves repeating something that someone has just said in conversation or remembering something you had just seen briefly. This part of memory does not ever become fully sto... ...mplex.. http://psych.wisc.edu/postlab/Psych733/Nadel_Moscovitch.1997.pdf 4)Nadel and Moscovitch. "Memory Consolidation, Retrograde Amnesia and the Hippocampal Complex.. http://psych.wisc.edu/postlab/Psych733/Nadel_Moscovitch.1997.pdf 5) The Symptoms of Alzheimer's. . http://www.diseases-explained.com/Alzheimers/symptomsalzheime.html 6) Greenwood. . http://sln.fi.edu/brain/nutrition/carbohydrates/brainpower.html 7) Alzheimer's Secondary Victims. . http://sites.unc.edu/error.html 8)Alipoprotein E. . http://home.mira.net/~dhs/apoe.html 9) Determining the Cause of Memory Loss in the Elderly . http://www.postgradmed.com/issues/1999/10_15_99/welsh.htm 10)Stress tied to Memory Loss . http://www.academicpress.com/inscight/04221998/grapha.htm 11)University of Kuopio, Series Reports, Department of Neurology . http://www.uku.fi/neuro/39abs.htm

Unit 3 Distinction 1 McDonalds

Unit 3 Distinction 1 In this assignment I am going to evaluate the concepts and principles applied to the marketing of products by McDonalds and make recommendations. Marketing Concept strengths and weaknesses. Production Concept: The production concept is the process of making and distributing the products to the business outlets. Some businesses only focus on its production process rather than the distribution process. The whole production concept consists of quality control of the product, testing and measurement of the product.The marketing concepts strengths are that it allows McDonalds to focus on specific four stages. McDonalds are able to justify the stages of its products and the business. It enables McDonalds to understand their product specifications, quality of the product, product volume, product appearance and the consistency of the product. The distribution concept enables McDonalds to distribute its products to different outlets within the world and this increased dem and of certain products. With the production/distribution McDonalds can satisfy customers needs regardless to their demographic segment.This shows that they have met their aims and objectives of and these aims and objectives could have further development in order to remain successful in the fast food industry market. In reality the production concept does not really have an impact on McDonalds business activities because they do not really concentrate as they think it is not necessarily to their sector. The reason that McDonalds does not really concentrate on the production concept because it saves them additional money for distribution which is more effective and has a positive impact on McDonalds business.Selling Concept: This is when a business persuades, informs and encourages customers to purchase their products through aggressive promotion. McDonalds uses the selling concept because customers know about their prices and products, that is because it suits every segment, the pr oducts are affordable. Also the promotion techniques McDonalds use are very effective and this increased demand of a product and a larger customer base, this is because McDonalds has always tries to keep customers interest on a high level. McDonalds use vouchers as part of their promotion, these vouchers are often given on busy days in town.These vouchers last for a long while and this increased the customer base because McDonalds base their selling campaign of its overall brand and lifestyle. McDonalds is already successful selling its products because they make people aware of the quality of their products. Also the menu counters are also part of their promotion and this helps customers to have a clear remembrance of McDonalds products because they are descriptive and eye catching. The menu counters helps to give a feel about the product before it is been purchased. This also makes McDonalds business look more distinctive as well.McDonalds segments its market by using policies of cheap prices and by the characteristics of its products. The selling concept plays an important role of McDonalds business because they use aggressive and rational promotion such as advertising to encourage and persuade consumers to purchase a product from McDonalds. The selling concept combines with the marketing mix and promotional mix because McDonalds adapt the products they offer, the price, the place, where it would sell best, and the type of promotion they would need to gain the specific target audience interest.The selling concept increases the brand awareness of McDonalds. With the selling concept it enables McDonalds to increase its customer base because they use different types of methods of promotion to reach its segment and customers have become more familiar with McDonalds brand. For example at the end of 2003 McDonalds launched a new menu called the Pound Saver menu; the menu represents great value and savings on selected items on the menu. The majority of items cost ? 0. 99.This menu was advertised frequently to refer to the price of the menu; this showed that McDonalds is for anyone regardless to their lifestyle. McDonalds obtained an additional customer base and this had a positive impact on sales. Also McDonalds have sponsored past Olympics and this increased the demand of a product especially the Big Mac, they also gained free publicity and this also increases the customer base. This avoids customers to switch to competitors and this means that they will obtain a healthy and stable profit for the future.In the past year if a customer bought a meal from McDonalds the customer would receive a cup as part of their purchase. This increased the amount of customers they get and it also made McDonalds stand out from its competitors. A unique selling point of products differentiates McDonalds from its competitors because they will be more customers visiting the restaurant and this will result to increase of sales. Product concept: This is when a bu siness products is part of their business brand image. The products shape the business and its unique selling point in the market.The product concept allows McDonalds products to be on limited edition to test customer satisfaction, so if customers are not satisfied with the new product McDonalds would simply get rid of the product and it will avoid them from making a loss as well. However the product concept is rarely used at McDonalds because they sell similar products like their competitors, however they always bring in new products to increase its customer base and being ahead of competition in the fast food industry market. For example last 4 years McDonalds launched the deli meal and it consist of 5 types of different burgers.The deli meal became a success to McDonalds business because a lot of customer were satisfied with the additional meal that has been added on to the menu. The deli meal increased the reputation of McDonalds brand because it made them look diverse; this sho ws that McDonalds is capable to differentiating its products from its competitors by introducing products that have a unique selling point in order to increase sales and customer base. Marketing concept: This is when a business gathers information from its customer, competitors, market environment and the economy.McDonalds benefit from the marketing concept because it moves the target audience to some type of action; this might be to purchase a product from McDonalds, visit McDonalds, or to increase purchases of the products. With the marketing concept it enables McDonalds to distribute its products to the right segment of people. It helps McDonalds to understand its products and innovative of distribution channels. With the marketing concept McDonalds is able to achieve its aims and objectives which consist of meeting needs of their target group, being efficient when it comes to competition and to make a profit.The marketing concept allows McDonalds to widen their marketing strateg ies in order to remain successful in the market. The marketing concept helps McDonalds to understand rising living standards, changes in law with packaging, new food production technique and changes in patterns eating out. The marketing concept justifies whether the number of target customers is growing or shrinking and whether their buying habits will change in the future. The market concept helps McDonalds to make effective decisions about its business by providing information that can inform one decision making process.The weaknesses of the product concept are that it does not justify consumer needs. It can’t look onto the future of McDonalds products. McDonalds does not really concentrate on the production concept because they are concentrating on other concepts such as the product and marketing concept which has a positive impact on the business and the brand itself. The production concept does not have an impact on McDonalds business. The product concept is about having a unique product which customers will get satisfaction out of eating.However McDonalds competitors offer similar products to attract the same segment of people and this does not make them look very distinctive. If McDonalds don’t promote enough to their target audience especially when they have launched new products, customers would not know anything about the product and this would decrease McDonalds sales as well. The marketing concept is an expensive tool because McDonalds have to employ specialist marketers if they want their marketing research to be effective and reliable. However McDonalds can still afford the costs of the whole marketing concept because they have the money.It can be time consuming as well because some information such as past data could be outdated and some past data are not very reliable or useful for McDonalds. Recommendations Production Concept: In my opinion the production concept is vital to McDonalds business because they would still need to mak e sure that they have the same ingredients to make the products. The most important of all is that the products will still have to look identical and taste the same before the products get distributed to other outlets of McDonalds.This is because if the products of McDonalds have different ingredients and different taste McDonalds would not look distinctive in customers eyes because customers would be complaining about the lack of quality of their products. This could also have a negative impact on the brand image as well. Selling Concept: In my point of view McDonalds should continue to use the selling concept as part of their marketing strategy because it has made McDonalds successful and well established, people know about McDonalds and it is spreading across the globe.The selling concept has increased the product positioning of McDonalds and it also developed customers trust and loyalty of McDonalds brand image. It has increased the market share for McDonalds as well. It also de fined the success or failure of new launched products. Product Concept: McDonalds could introduce multi cultural meals to suit ethnic minorities due to different cultures and tastes. This would make McDonalds brand image more diverse and unique in the market. This will also have a positive impact on McDonalds future profits.Introducing multi cultural meals into McDonalds is a big advantage for them because they will be able to meet every ethnic requirements, this will also increase the number of ethnic people visiting McDonalds. McDonalds could start launching a special family feast which is at aimed at families for example a meal for ? 10 which is enough for a family of four. McDonalds would benefit from this additional meal for a family of four because there will be attracting big families, this would be another target group and this will have a positive impact on future profits.McDonalds could also Marketing Concept: McDonalds marketing concept is already effective and well estab lished because they are still meeting the customers needs and also they always aim to develop their marketing strategies in order to remain successful throughout the years. Marketing Principles strengths and weaknesses Understanding consumer needs: Understanding consumer needs is vital to a business because if a business fails to meet customer demands they will see a decrease in their customer base, and customers will be likely to switch to competitors.It is important for a business to keep up to date with customer demands in order to satisfy them so that customers will keep coming back. Without meeting consumer needs a business would not be able to operate. The marketing principles strengths are that it enables McDonalds to concentrate on its customer needs and they can refer back to the marketing mix in order to meet the needs of its customers. It is an easy process for McDonalds to follow in order to meet its aims and objectives. McDonalds are able to identify specific targets th at may require more attention.It enables McDonalds to know its customers for example the customers of McDonalds are the end users. McDonalds are able to meet customer needs and this has a distinct competitive advantage for McDonalds because people still go in there, it is affordable and it suits every segment taste regardless to their preference, McDonalds is for everyone. The marketing principles makes McDonalds understand the business itself because they know what they are selling; they know the purpose of their business. With the marketing principles McDonalds are able to praise their strengths and weaknesses to its customers.McDonalds know their competitive edge in the fast food market which allows them to plan ahead and creating new strategies in order to be ahead of their competitors. McDonalds has already established customer loyalty and this made them very unique in the fast food industry which has lead to a healthy profit throughout the years. McDonalds always manages to id entify the needs of its customers and they always aim to meet the demands of customers and this creates a good relationship with customers.Keeping ahead of competition: Keeping ahead of competition is important in a business environment because competitors will increase their strategies in order to be ahead of competitors. For example Nandos may start delivering products to their customers if their order is over ? 10, this will differentiate them from its competitors and this will the customer base of Nandos. McDonalds keep ahead of competition by having a happy meal with healthier options; the happy meal includes a toy that attracts little children.The happy meal differentiates McDonalds from its competitors and this made them increase its customer base and the effective promotion they used by using Disney movies to distribute the products to little children. McDonalds keep ahead in competition by launching new products into the market so customers don’t get bored of their p roducts, if McDonalds did not invest in new products they would see a decrease in customer base this is because customers would be switching to their competitors and McDonalds would get left behind.McDonalds keep ahead in competition by promoting new products with different methods of promotion such as TV, magazines, newspapers and even on the internet (hotmail). McDonalds also promote long term vouchers to its customers which last about at end of the year; this differentiates McDonalds from its competitors because they are the only fast food business who promotes long term vouchers. These long term vouchers are given in busy places to attract more customers. McDonalds keep ahead of competition by using cheap policies of pricing to suit the segment they have targeted.It is effective because McDonalds is able to explore its opportunities in the market. For example if McDonalds is experiencing good growth in the market they would have the ability to develop its breakfast menu to attra ct potential customers who are likely to visit McDonalds before work. This will increase the customer base of McDonalds and customers are not likely to switch to competitors. Keeping ahead in competition enables McDonalds to update its brand by making their outlets look more modern and welcoming.Keeping ahead in competition helps McDonalds to target new markets which may have a positive impact on future profits. McDonalds can also expand their offers in order to attract more customers and this again increases customer base because customers are not likely to switch to competitors. McDonalds can look into the future because McDonalds always plan for growth and to remain successful in the market and they could invest in new technology, following consumer trends in order to satisfy them.Communicating effectively with customers: Communicating effectively with consumers relates to promotion which relates to other elements of the marketing mix. Without promotion a business would not be ab le to sell its products to its customers because there would be no place or price of promotion. Customers would not know anything about the business. Promotion influences customers to visit and purchase products from the business. The product has to be advertised to show its quality, features, packaging and brand name of the business.The price of the product needs to be advertised in order to attract the customers. The place of where the product is being sold needs to be advertised because it shows how distinctive and the business brand looks. Communicating effectively with customers increases demand of a product and this leads to increase in sales. This makes it hard for competitors such as KFC and Burger King to compete with McDonalds and this is why McDonalds is successful because they are always thinking ahead.McDonalds communicate effectively with its customers through promotion and their promotion is very effective because it creates awareness of McDonalds products. McDonalds have already built a reputation under the brand name and it is growing more respectable across the globe. For example with the McDonalds Yorkie McFlurry advert, McDonalds worked with Cadbury and Nestle and they are both leaders in the market. This shows that McDonalds its brand of the confectionary to influence the concept for its McFlurrys. Communicating with customers effectively makes McDonalds business and products look more distinctive.McDonalds are able to compare strategies that may have worked in the past to increase customers attention and getting their marketing more noticed. It strengthens McDonalds competitive position and the brand image itself because they can grow and expand. The marketing principles weaknesses are that McDonalds does not make good use of technology as they may feel like it is not necessarily to their business, however technology can also increase future profits because technology is used very often today by business and this makes them more successfu l and competitive in the market.The marketing principles can be expensive as well and time consuming however McDonalds has the money to have these principles adapted to their business. Recommendations Understanding consumer needs: As population trends are changing all the time McDonalds could segment customer’s life cycle, so that they will be up to date with customer demands and meeting the requirements of what the market wants. This would allow McDonalds to spend less money overall because if they know a certain product is not going to sell in the future, they would simply get rid of it.McDonalds would be able to have effective marketing campaigns. Keeping ahead in competition: McDonalds could introduce digital media kiosks for burning CDs, downloading mobile phone ring tones and printing photos for the young people segment. I believe McDonalds would benefit from this digital media kiosk as they will be attracting more younger people. This will differentiate McDonalds from its competitors and differentiation avoids customers from going to their competitors and this would also have a positive impact on future profits.Communicating effectively with consumers: McDonalds could start newsletters via email for consumers who wish to sign up for it. The newsletter will give consumers information about new upcoming products that McDonalds will offer. Consumers who sign up for this newsletter would receive discounts for the new upcoming products. This will have a positive impact on McDonalds brand image because it gives McDonalds a higher chance of increase in sales and it will improve the customer retention of McDonalds. The information in the newsletters will help customers to understand McDonalds business more.The newsletter could be another way of advertising and promoting new upcoming products and developments of current products. This will also get the message across of McDonalds. The newsletters will show the qualities and the value of McDonalds. It woul d also increase the brand loyalty of McDonalds because they will be known as a trusted brand. Newsletters are a low cost of promoting products; this will allow McDonalds to save additional money as well. That additional money could be used to develop its promotion techniques and this would also increase the communication between McDonalds and its customers.McDonalds could set up pages on social networking sites for customers to join. McDonalds could add polls, discussions, and reviews about products they offer. The more McDonalds communicate with customers the more customers will feel attached to their products. Utilising new technology: McDonalds could start utilising new technology more by allowing customers to order online products; this would create an additional customer base for McDonalds and being ahead of their competitors such as Burger King, KFC and Subway.McDonalds could have deals with mobile phone networks because mobile phone networks can receive customers location by using the SAT Navigation. McDonalds could use this method to promote its new offers they offer. I believe this method would be effective because they would see an increase in their customer base and also they would be ahead of their competitors. Although the deal would cost McDonalds a lot of money but they can afford this additional method that may have a positive impact on the business. McDonalds would be likely to see a large increase of sales.

African American Press Essay

?â€Å"We wish to plead our own cause. Too long have others spoken for us. Too long has the public been deceived by misrepresentation of things which concerns us dearly,† written on the front page of the first African-American owned newspaper, Freedom’s Journal. Freedom’s Journal was published on March 16, 1827 by a group of free African-American men in New York City. Freedom’s Journal was published the same year slavery was abolished in New York and was used to counter racist commentary published in the mainstream press. Samuel E. Cornish and John B. Russwurm served, respectively, as its senior and junior editors where they worked together to publish four-page, four-column weekly newspapers. Though The Freedom’s Journal was not the first African-American paper published, it was the first Africa-American owned newspaper. Freedom’s Journal consisted of news on current events, anecdotes, editorials and used to address contemporary issues such as denouncing slavery, advocating for black people’s political rights, the right to vote, and speaking out about lynching. Cornish and Russwurm desire were to give African-Americans the freedom to voice their thoughts, ideas and opinions. They sought to improve conditions for more than 300,000 newly freed men and women living in the North. They fulfilled this desire, by employing 14 to 44 agents each year to collect subscriptions. Each agent was paid $3 a year for their work. To encourage black achievements Freedom’s Journal featured biographies of celebrated black figures and continued to promote better living conditions by printing schools that were open to blacks, job offering and housing listings. Freedom’s Journal, eventually, circulated 11 states, the District of Columbia, Haiti, Europe and Canada before ceasing publications in 1829. During that time, Russwurm became the sole editor of Freedom’s Journal, after Cornish resigned in 1827. Russwurm began to promote the Colonization Movement which was frowned upon by majority of the newspaper’s readers. The Colonization Movement was a movement that was conceived by members of the American Colonization Colony where they began repatriating free African-Americans back to Africa. When the Freedom’s Journal shifted in complete support of colonization, it lost most of its readers and in March 1829 Freedom’s Journal ceased publication. Even though Freedom’s Journal existed for two years, its two years of existence helped spawn other papers. Since then, African American press has evolved and has substantially increased in the population over the years. After Freedom’s Journal, African-Americans had begun establishing and owning newspapers. It began May 1829, when Cornish attempted to revive the Freedom’s Journal under the name The Rights of All, however, the publication was not successful and failed after a year. David Walker, hired as an agent for Freedom’s Journal, became a well known, anti-slavery writer which was inspired by his experience with Freedom’s Journal. In 1830, Walker’s published his most famous publication known as Appeal which called for slaves to rebel against their masters, â€Å"†¦they want us for their slaves, and think nothing of murdering us†¦therefore, if there is an attempt made by us, kill or be killed†¦and believe this, that it is no more harm for you to kill a man who is trying to kill you, than it is for you to take a drink of water when thirsty,† (Walker). Another attempt at publication, Samuel Cornish, along with, Philip Bell, and Charles Bennett Ray launched The Weekly Advocate, January 1837. Later, the men changed the name to The Colored American March 4, 1837. The Colored American main purpose was to strengthen the moral, social, and political elevation of colored people as well as emancipation of slaves. The Colored American became well-known in the North because of the wide spread support of abolitionists, African-American churches and local abolition societies, and Caucasian allies. The Colored American published 38 articles, becoming an important paper of its time. The last edition of The Colored American was published on Christmas day in 1841. Other early African American newspapers include the Provincial Freeman, published in 1854, which was the first African-American owned newspapers to be published in Chatham, Ontario, Canada. The North Star was an anti-slavery newspaper published in 1847 by Frederick Douglas. He later agreed to merge it with the publication Liberty Party Paper with Gerrit Smith creating the Frederick Douglass’ Paper, in Rochester, New York. The National Era was published in Washington, D. C. in 1847 by the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. The Liberator was probably the best-known publication during the era, published by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston between 1831 and 1865. Other anti-slavery newspapers of note include the Friend of Man, published weekly for the New York State Anti-Slavery Society from 1836 through 1842. The Emancipator, originally known as Genius of Universal Emancipation, was one of the first anti-slavery newspapers published in the United States by Benjamin Lundy in 1819 and National Anti-Slavery Standard established in 1840. All of these newspapers advocated for the abolition of slavery and for the civil rights of all African Americans. By the start of Civil War, more than 40 black-owned and operated papers had been established throughout the United States. After the end of the Civil War, more than 100 newspapers were beginning to publish. Many of the major African-American owned publications include, Baltimore Afro-American, also known as The Afro, was founded by a former slave, John H. Murphy, SR. , in 1892. Today, The Afro is the longest-running African-American, family-owned newspaper in the United States. The Chicago Defender was founded by Robert Sengstacke. Abbott on May 5, 1905. The Chicago Defender included writing pieces from the well-known Langston Hughes, Gwendolyn Brooks and Willard Motley. The Pittsburgh Courier an African-American newspaper published in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1910. The Pittsburgh Courier became the most widely circulated newspaper in America for African-Americans. During its peak, the Pittsburgh Courier circulated around 450,000 publications, with more than 400 employees in 14 cities. The Pittsburgh Courier discussed major issues impacting African-American communities. It campaigned against segregation and poverty, and promoted the social advancement of blacks. In the 1930s, the Pittsburgh Courier urged Black voters to vote Democrat, creating a political alliance that still exist to this day. Other publications includes, The Philadelphia Tribune (1912-2001), Atlanta Daily World (1931–2003), Cleveland Call & Post (1934-1991), Los Angeles Sentinel (1934–2005), New York Amsterdam News (1922–1993), and Norfolk Journal and Guide (1921-2003). With African-American newspaper publication on the rise, organizations to help promote the publication began to form to support African-American journalist. In 1940, Robert Sengstacke Abbott, founder of Chicago Defender, along with other African-American publishers, organized the National Negro Publishers Association. The members of the National Negro Publishers Association worked together, â€Å"harmonizing our energies in a common purpose for the benefit of Negro journalism†, (Sengstacke). Today, the National Negro Publishers Associations is composed of more than 200 black newspapers in the United States and the Virgin Islands. In 1975 in Washington D. C. , 44 African-American journalists founded the National Association of Black Journalists. The National Association of Black Journalist’ purpose was to provide quality programs and services to and advocate on behalf of black journalists. These organizations are still going strong today and have contributed greatly to the African American population. Today, there isn’t a firm count of how many African American newspapers circulating the United States, however, according to Allied Media Corporation, an ethnic marketing firm, they have listed 250 newspapers in circulation. The National Newspaper Publishers Association, better known as the Black Press of America, assist in the publication of African-American owned newspapers, counts more than 200 black-owned newspapers as its membership. As you can see, since the Freedom’s Journal, the number of newspaper publications has increased. It began with the main purpose being that Africa-Americans would stick together to fight the constant oppression they were under. Now that we don’t see African-American oppression, as we did then, publications has different focal points. Many of the newspapers provide news and insight on African-American culture, including a variety of perspectives from leaders, celebrities, trendsetters and great minds from the African-American community. The Freedom’s Journal created a new stepping stone for the African-American population. It provided the platform for issues and concerns pursuant to ensuring our rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and to preserve a legacy of black conservatism for generations to come. References 2, M. A. (n. d. ). Early African American and Anti-Slavery Newspapers | Marjory Allen Perez. Genealogy & Family History | Search Family Trees & Vital Records . Retrieved August 1, 2013, from http://www. archives. com/experts/perez-marjory/early-african-american-and-anti-slavery-newspapers. html Black Newspapers Listing | The Network Journal. (n. d. ). Black Business | Black News, Career Ideas for Black Professionals. Retrieved August 1, 2013, from http://www. tnj. com/lists-resources/black-newspapers-listing David Walker, 1785-1830. Walker’s Appeal, in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular, and Very Expressly.

Amusement Park Physics essays

Amusement Park Physics essays Amusement parks have been around for decades and they are just as popular as they have ever been. For the most part, the physics and theories used to build these wonderful theme parks in the early years have withheld the test of time and are still exactly the same. Most people don't stop to think about how many amusement parks really rely on physics. If these thrilling rides were just constructed like you might build a tree house and physics was never applied, then the millions of people that flock to these attractions each year would simply have to find something else to waist their money and adrenaline on. First, we will look at the roller coaster. This is possibly one of the main attractions at an amusement park. What many people don't recognize is the fact that roller coasters aren't propelled by an engine. There is a good reason to back up the fact that the first hill is always the highest. Once the coaster is pulled up the hill by the crank, potential energy is at its fullest. As the coaster is making its way down the hill, that potential energy is converted into kinetic energy. At the bottom of the hill, kinetic energy is at its highest. Throughout the rest of the ride, the coaster is simply propelled by the constant conversion from potential to kinetic energy and back again. Another factor that enters into the extreme speeds that roller coaster can reach are the wheels. There are basically three types of wheels. The running wheels keep the coaster on its path along the rails. The friction wheels help to control the side to side movement of the coaster. And, the las t set of wheels helps the coaster stay planted on the rails of the track, even when inverted. The car is eventually stopped by a compressed air braking system. (Amusement Park Physics) The carousel is one of the most traditional theme park rides. At first glance, the carousel may look as though it's only a simple, graceful wheel of steel. ...

Ten Reasons to Learn English

Ten Reasons to Learn English Here are ten reasons to learn English - or any language really. Weve chosen these ten reasons as they express a wide range of not only learning goals, but also personal goals. 1. Learning English Is Fun   We should rephrase this: learning English can be fun. For many students, it isnt much fun. However, we think thats just a problem of how you learn English. Take time to have fun learning English by listening to music, watching a movie, challenging yourself to games in English. There are so many opportunities to learn English while having fun. Theres no excuse not to enjoy yourself, even if you have to learn grammar. 2. English Will Help You Succeed in Your Career This is obvious to anyone who lives in our modern world. Employers want employees who speak English. This might not be fair, but it is the reality. Learning English to take a test such as the IELTS or TOEIC will give you a qualification that others might not have, and that might help you get the job you need. 3. English Opens Up International Communications You are on the internet learning English right now. We all know the world needs more love and understanding. What better way to improve the world than to communicate in English (or other languages) with those from other cultures?! 4. Learning English Will Help Open Your Mind We believe that we are all brought up to see the world in one way. Thats a good thing, but at a certain point, we need to expand our horizons. Learning English will help you understand the world through a different language. Understanding the world through a different language will also help you view the world from a different perspective. In other words, learning English helps to open your mind. 5. Learning English Will Help Your Family Being able to communicate in English can help you reach out and discover new information. This new information could help save the life of someone in your family. Well, it certainly can help you help the other people in your family who dont speak English. Just imagine yourself on a trip and you are responsible for communicating with others in English. Your family will be very proud. 6. Learning English Will Keep Alzheimers Away Scientific research says that using your mind to learn something helps keep your memory intact. Alzheimers - and other diseases dealing with brain functions - isnt nearly as powerful if youve kept your brain flexible by learning English. 7. English Will Help You Understand Those Crazy Americans and Brits Yes, American and British cultures are  rather strange at times. Speaking English will certainly give you insight into why these cultures are so crazy! Just think, you will understand English cultures, but they probably wont understand yours because they dont speak the language. Thats a real advantage in so many ways. 8. Learning English  Will Help You Improve Your Sense of Time English is obsessed with verb tenses. In fact, there are twelve tenses in English. Weve noticed that this is not the case in many other languages. You can be sure that by learning English you will gain a keen sense of when something happens due to the English languages use of time expressions. 9. Learning English Will Allow You to Communicate in Any Situation Chances are that someone will speak English no matter where you are. Just imagine you are on a deserted island with people from all over the world. Which language will you speak? Probably English! 10. English Is the World Language OK, OK, this is an obvious point weve already made. More people speak Chinese, more nations have Spanish as their mother tongue, but, realistically. English is the language of choice throughout the world today.

Student's Post 4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Student's Post 4 - Research Paper Example ts of a vision statement for example correspond to Flint’s definition of a vision statement and therefore offer a basis for reliable analysis (2013). Your analysis of the business to derive its suitable mission and vision statements also identifies your competence and level of rationale. I also concur with your recommendation of a motivational leadership approach because of the organization’s competitive environment that requires empowerment and influence towards competitive advantage. You also demonstrated analytic skills in reviewing the organization’s culture (Dubrin, 2013). I like your approach to communicating the organization’s background information on a table because it simplifies the information. I however believe that analyses of the organization’s approach should have been specific to identify with the scope of the organization’s activities. Your analysis is however general. I also think that your post on the organization’s leadership, human resource management, and culture are more descriptive than analytical. Could you for example consider this approach more analytical? You begin by identifying elements of human resource management such as recruitment, selection, training and rewarding, and then comparing these elements with the organization’s approach to human resource management (Saiyadain,

Review of Tesco Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words - 1

Review of Tesco Strategy - Essay Example This is mainly due to the presence of numerous rival players, with varying product lines and services. Due to which, the bargaining power of the customers and suppliers is increasing at a rapid pace thereby amplifying the rate of switchover costs. Similarly, the food and beverage retailing segment is the largest and extremely competitive industry in the market of United Kingdom. The prime reason behind it is the presence of numerous existing players such as ASDA, Sainsbury, Tesco Plc and many others. As a result, the retail segment offered approximately 12 percent to gross domestic product (GDP) of the nation that amplified its economic standard and image in the entire globe among others. Apart from this, the retail segment also proved effective in presenting employment to almost 3.5 million educated citizens that reduced the rate of poverty and unemployment significantly. This proved extremely effective for the nation that enhanced its portfolio and equity in the market among others . Tesco Plc is recognised as one of the reputed international grocery and merchandise retailer in the market of United Kingdom. It includes more than 2318 stores in the entire globe comprising of 472000 experienced staffs to assist the customers in their purchases. It has positioned itself as the third largest retailer in the market of United Kingdom thereby comprising of a market share of 40 percent among many other rival contenders. It is mainly due to wide range of product lines such as clothes, electronics, financial services, and telecoms, furniture’s, healthcare products, retailing, pet products, DVD, CD, internet services and many others. Due to which, its total revenue, net income and operating income increased by  £60.93 billion,  £2.67 billion and  £3.87 billion in the year 2010-2011. The company of Tesco Plc mainly operates under the banners, named: Extra, Supermarket, Metro and Express. This essay mainly highlights the strategies implemented by the